Studied actions in Mirce Science
Mirce Science: Moon Night as a Mechanism of the Motion of Space Machines through In-service Reality
Dr J. Knezevic, Mirce Science Akademy
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that the motion of space machines through in-service time is not only driven by their own capabilities, but also by the actions generated by the natural phenomena of their in-service reality. Hence, this paper addresses the clockwork sequence of occurrences of the day-night cycle on the Moon. This specific phenomenon is a well known property of Moon’s physical existence and its position within the Solar system. Consequently, the paper examines the impact of temperatures that go even two hundred degrees below zero during the 14 Earth days long Moon night. This is a permanent challenge for any human mission to the Moon and even bigger for using it as a launch pad for the missions to Mars and beyond. Although these are long term ambitions for the human race, they need solutions. Part of that solution is Mirce Science which provides a framework for predicting the in-service behaviour of space machines by subjecting mechanisms of causing actions to the Mirce functionability equation. This enables designers to compare mission options quantitatively and choose the configuration with the highest probability of success related to the future human ambitions related to inhabiting and exploiting the Moon and space beyond. In the paper, Radioisotope Heater Units, Nuclear Reactors, Solar Arrays and Lithium-ion Batteries, are briefly examined as the primary source of electrical power during the lunar day, together with their generic functionability trajectories.
Mirce Science: Metals from Spacecraft Re-entry as Functionability Mechanism in Human Modifying Stratosphere
Dr J. Knezevic, Mirce Science Akademy
Abstract: The main objective of the paper is to draw attention of humans on Earth on changes in the natural properties of atmosphere by re-entries of spent rocket bodies and defunct satellites that generate metal vapours, which condense into aerosol particles and descend into the stratosphere. While majority of models of spacecraft re-entry have focused on the hazard generated by objects that survive to the surface rather the fate of the metals that vaporise and totally neglected. Latest research studies show that vaporised metals traces during spacecraft re-entries can be clearly measured in stratospheric sulphuric acid particles. Over 20 elements from re-entry were detected and are traceable to alloys used for spacecraft production. As the number of low earth orbit satellites is rapidly increasing it could be expected that within the next few decades nearly half of stratospheric sulphuric acid particles will contain metals from their re-entries. From Mirce science point of view, it is realistic to assume that the metallic content in stratospheric aerosol will become a human generated functionability action that will shape working processes of spacecraft in that portion of atmosphere and as such it has to be understood and adequately addressed by all parties concerned.
Mirce Science: Maintenance Actions at the Distance of 592 Million Kilometres from Earth on NASA’s Juno Spacecraft
Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, Mirce Science Akademy
Abstract: The main objective of the paper is to draw attention of the space community to another innovative approach to maintenance at distance, conceived and implemented by the mission Team of the NASA’s Jupiter-orbiting Juno spacecraft. In December 2023 they executed a “deep-space move” to repair its JunoCam imager to capture photos of the Jovian moon Io, without trained maintenance personnel and with no existing maintenance manual, tools or equipment. At that time NASA’s spacecraft Juno has been orbiting planet Jupiter at the distance of 597x106 km from Earth. The paper is analysing the maintenance task at the distance through the prism of Mirce Science and draws conclusions that could be useful during the planning of the future space working processes. It is essential to stress that the opportunities to executed maintenance action at the distance are only possible if they are envisaged at the design stages of the future spacecraft and conditions created during their working processes. It that context the paper briefly defined the planet Jupiter and it physical characteristics as a “host” of the Juno mission, followed by the brief description of the Juno spacecraft design and finally, the details of positive and negative functionability actions taken on JunoCam, based on the information thus available. (Annals of Mirce Science 2025)
Mirce Science: Impact of Bees on Aircraft Functionability
Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, Mirce Science Akademy
Abstract: Impacts of bees on aircraft could have significant consequences on flight delays and cancellations. Hence, it is considered as one of the many mechanisms that generate negative functionability events, from the Mirce Science point of view, which compels the affected aircraft out of scheduled service. At the beginning of the paper several examples of encounters of bees and aircraft are briefly described as an observed functionability phenomenon, on all five populated continents. The second part of the paper briefly examines the bees species to understand their physiological characteristics and life cycle phases, as a natural functionability mechanism that could generate undesirable negative consequences to the travelling public and financial losses to the airlines due to the withdrawal from service of the affected aircraft, or mission rejection in public services. Methods for dealing with bees from infected aircraft surfaces are briefly presented at the end of the paper, as the potential positive functionability action, performed to return them to a positive functionability state. (Annals of Mirce Science 2025)
Mirce Science: Impact of Windscreen Damage on Functionability Performance of Commercial Aircraft
Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy
Abstract:Flights cancellations or diversions of flights of commercial aircraft caused by windscreen damage have significant impact on their functionability performance. Thus, this paper addresses windscreen damage as an observed phenomenon from the Mirce science point of view, which means that it is considered as a mechanism that generates negative functionability events, which compels the affected aircraft out of scheduled service. The paper briefly examines the types of damage experienced in the past to understand their physical manifestations, as a negative functionability action that could generate undesirable consequences to the travelling public and financial losses to the airlines due to the withdrawal from service of the affected aircraft. Several design and operational methods for reducing the probability of windscreen damage are briefly presented in the paper, as the potential positive functionability actions to be taken to return them to scheduled service. (Annals of Mirce Science 2025)
Mirce Science: Impact of Bed Bugs Infestations on Functionability Performance of Commercial Aircraft
Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK
Abstract: Flights cancellations caused by bed bug infestations of commercial aircraft have significant impact of their functionability performance. Thus, this paper addresses bed bugs infestation as an observed phenomenon from the Mirce Science point of view, which means that it is considered as a mechanism that generates negative functionability events, which compels the affected aircraft out of scheduled service. The paper briefly examines the bed bug species to understand their physiological characteristics and life cycle phases, as a natural functionability action that could generate undesirable negative consequences to the travelling public and financial losses to the airlines due to the withdrawal from service of the affected aircraft. Several methods for eradicating bed bugs from infected commercial aircraft surfaces are briefly presented in the paper, as the potential positive functionability action, performed to return them to scheduled working processes. (Annals of Mirce Science 2025).
MIRCE Science: Functionability Management of Autonomously Working Systems on Earth Affected by Impacts of Severe Space Weather on Orbiting Satellites
Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK
Abstract: Harmful impacts of severe space weather on a large number of modern technological systems like: power networks, aviation, satellite services, radio communication and pipelines; have been observed and documented in the literature. Hence, the author to conclude that space weather must have a similar impact on the digital technologies that will be used to provide the autonomy to the autonomously working systems in the future, like cars, trains, ships, drones and so forth. Thus, this paper briefly examined the space weather phenomena that could affect functionability of autonomously working systems by impacting provision of data provided by sensors contained in Earth orbiting satellites. Thus, MIRCE Science based philosophy made the author to conclude that functionability management of autonomously working systems in the future should focus on the protection of the sensors located in orbiting satellites from the exposure to continuously generating space weather in the Sun, by accurately monitoring their trajectories. Hence, when the damaging impact of severe space weather is predicted, the targeting satellite(s) should be temporarily moved to different orbital positions. This new type of functionability management is the only feasible solution for the provision of continuous operation of autonomously working systems of the Earth, as the physical execution of any maintenance tasks on sensors damaged by the impact of the space weather, within satellites, is impossible. Key words: MIRCE Science, functionability of autonomous systems on Earth, impact of space weather on satellites, preventive maintenance by orbital repositioning
Remote Sensing of Natural and Man-made Disasters
Lazar Jeftic, Jezdimir Knezevic, Nevena Jeftic, Space Debris Research Lab, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to draw attention on the importance of remote sensing of the small natural and man-made disasters by analysing and recording them, as they posed a risk to human well-being and the environment. Examples presented include oil spills, dam failure, ship disaster, wildfires, hailstorm and flooding. They took place between 2016 and 2022 and present the various examples of intensive and extensive risk. All of them were previously made in poster format for an easier use in practical applications, making it similar to International Disaster Charter activation products. This paper is intended to unite them in one place, and to serve as a reminder of the importance of necessity for properly analysing and recording each of them. Small disaster events are of special interest to be addressed, because if their consequences are forgotten and over passed the greater damage to people and the environment could be experienced when the next disaster happens. Many of the small disaster events impoverish the people and households through space and time making them more vulnerable to the upcoming future hazards.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383785011_Remote_Sensing_of_Natural_
and_Man-made_Disasters
MIRCE Science: Lightning as an Imposing Functionability Action
Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK
MIRCE Science is a theory of the motion of working systems through Mirce Space compelled by imposing functionability actions, which is used for predicting expected functionability performance for a working system type. For accurate predictions to be made it is essential a scientific understanding of the mechanisms that govern imposing functionability actions, the occurrences of negative functionability events before engineering, technological, business and economical decisions are made. Lightning strikes are not uncommon physical mechanisms that completed the motion of working systems through Mirce Space. For example,
airliners in the worldwide fleet average at least one strike per year. Hence, the occurrences of lightening events and assesses their impacts on the work done by working systems in general and an aircraft in particular. The available methods for dealing with them in respect to the provision of safety by detection, protection and design are also addressed in the paper.
MIRCE Science: Shark Bite as a Mechanism of Motion of Submarine Cables through MIRCE Space
J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK
Abstract: Sharks represent a serious, but still not fully understood, threat to modern communication systems connected through submarine cables. While the vast majority of sharks do not cause any damage to cables, some shark bites have led to serious consequences to submarine cables used for the worldwide internet connection, generating high repair costs and long outages. Thus, this paper addresses shark bites from the MIRCE Science point of view, which means that it is considered as a mechanism that generates a negative functionability event that causes the motion of a system from a positive to negative functionability state. Therefore, this paper briefly examines the shark species to understand the capabilities and strength of shark bites as mechanisms that could generate undesirable negative consequences the in-service life of affected working systems. The method for predicting impacts of potential protective actions taken by design and operational decisions on in-service reliability, cost and effectiveness of submarine cables can be calculated by making use of MIRCE Functionability Equation are presented in the paper.
Space Weather as a Mechanism of Motion of Autonomous Trains in MIRCE Science
Jezdimir Knezevic,MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to draw attention to the scientific approach to reliability and safety of autonomous trains, promoted by MIRCE Science, as guidance for the design engineers and operational managers of the future driverless rail transportation systems. Hence, scientific understandings of the mechanisms that cause undesirable events during their operation by surrounding natural environment are required. This paper focuses on already experienced negative impacts of space weather on reliability and safety of technological systems like power networks, aviation, ships, pipelines, digital control systems and similar. The events presented in this paper should be served as the lessons learned that must be considered during the development of the operational concepts of the future autonomous trains and technologies used. Then and only then, accurate and meaningful reliability and safety actions could be taken by design engineers and operational managers that should be able to deal with potentially harmful consequences of the space weather on the working effectiveness of autonomous trains.
Pre-Determined Debris Avoidance Maneuvers (PDAMs) as Mechanism of Motion of International Space Station through MIRCE Space
Lazar Jeftic, Jezdimir Knezevic, Space Debris Research Lab - MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK
Abstract: MIRCE Science is a theory of the motion of working system through MIRCE Space caused by any action whatsoever. The International Space Station is orbiting the Earth since 1998. At its orbit of 400 km there is huge concentration of orbital debris resulting from accidents, failures or, in some cases, deliberate destruction of human sent spacecraft. Due to their speed the debris present a serious treat to the safety of the station and its crew. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to present the accurate available record of the predetermined debris avoidance maneuvers taken by the International Space Station thus far, through the perspective of MIRCE Science. The information regarding 24 functionability actions have been identified and presented in paper of out 38 recorded. Identifications of the tractable orbital debris that constituted negative functionability actions threatening the safety of ISS are cited. The cost of the resources used for the execution of avoiding functionability actions has been presented together with the estimated costs of the fuel consumed. Finally, this paper clearly confirms the fourth axiom of MIRCE Science that states "The probability that a functionable (working) system type will move to a negative functionability state at any instant of time is greater than zero", regarding possible collisions of ISS with orbiting orbital debris.
Group Replacement as Management Action in MIRCE Science
Dr J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, U.K.
Abstract: The core principle of MIRCE Science revolves around the idea that the purpose of any working system is to perform work. The work is accomplished when a specific measurable function is carried out over time. All working systems require maintenance throughout their lifespan. It is generally understood that, during maintenance, the system is not actively performing any work. The duration and frequency of these tasks directly influence the amount of work lost due to maintenance. That work loss is known to have various consequences, such as monetary, reputational, or social implications. The main objective of this paper is to present how a proactive management approach, known as group replacement, can enhance work productivity compared to individual replacements. Under this strategy, the entire group must be replaced when any item within that group fails. This approach aims to minimize the number of maintenance tasks required and maximize the amount of work accomplished. The provided numerical example demonstrates the practical application of MIRCE Science in quantitatively evaluating the impact of group replacement on work productivity and resource allocation.
https://www.meste.org/ojs/index.php/mest/article/view/1371/1502
MIRCE Science: Solar Storm as a Mechanism of Motion of Autonomous Systems through MIRCE Space
International Conference on Safety, Health and Analytics-Driven Governance for Sustainable Development (SHADG 2024)
The Centre of Excellence in Safety Engineering and Analytics (CoE-SEA), IIT Kharagpur is organizing this conference in collaboration with academic and industry partners, 29-30 January 2024. Aims are to provide an inter and multi-disciplinary forum for knowledge sharing, dissemination, networking and international collaboration in fields of safety, health, sustainability, human factors and analytics-driven governance. Dr Jezdimir Knezevic has been on-line plenary key note speaker on 29th January talking on MIRCE Science Archive of Safety, Reliability and Maintenance for Analytics-Driven Decisions.